HTML conversion incomplete!!!

1616: Quick Reference Guide

Version 4.059
August 1993

Applix 1616 microcomputer project
Applix pty limited
Lot 1, Kent St., Yerrinbool, NSW 2575


1. Applix 1616 Computer System 

2. Keyboard 

	Using reset control 
	Control and Alt key 
	The Alt key 
	Function key macros 
	Last line recall 

3. Line editor 

4. Connections 

5. Miscellaneous 

	Special characters 
	Input / output redirection 
	Character devices 
	Block devices, disk drives 
	RAM disk 
	Search path 
	Shell programs 

6. 1616/OS Commands 

	Command format 

	FILE RELATED 

		Copying, joining, moving files 
		Copying files and directories 
		Moving files and directories 
		Displaying files 
		Deleting files and empty directories 
		Renaming files and directories 
		Change date of file or directory 
		Changing file attributes 

	DIRECTORY RELATED 

		Directory listings 
		Changing directory 
		Creating a directory 
		Execution search path 
		Block device information 
		Substituting pathnames 
		Set environment string 

	CASSETTE TAPE 

		Saving files on tape 
		Archiving files on tape 
		Loading files from tape 
		Loading multiple tape files 
		Verifying tape files 

	MEMORY MANIPULATION 

		Examining memory 
		Continuous memory examination 
		Memory alteration 
		Putting ASCII strings in memory 
		Memory filling 
		Memory comparing 
		Memory searching 
		Memory moving 
		Saving memory in a file 
		Loading memory from a file 

	COMMAND LINE REDIRECTION 

		Moving characters about 

	SHELL FILES 

		Echo command line arguments 
		Pausing 

	SYSTEM 

		Setting the time and date 
		Displaying the current time/date 
		Executing machine code 
		Manually performing system calls 
		Status of all processes 
		Stop a background process 
		Synchronise processes 
		Altering internal settings 
		Quitting the command interpreter 

	HANDY UTILITIES 

		Numeric base conversion 
		Entering the editor 
		Assembing 68000 code 
		Expression evaluation 
		Printing the ASCII character set 
		Timing a command 
		Defining function keys 

	COMMUNICATION 

		Reprogramming the serial ports 
		Using the 1616 as a terminal 
		Downloading S-records 

7. Escape sequences 

8. System calls 

	General system calls 
	File I/O system calls 
	Character I/O system calls 
	Video output system calls 
	Graphics system calls 
	OS control and Multitasking 
	Hardware control system calls 

9. Available Programs 

10. Edit quick reference 

	Cursor movement 
	Scrolling 
	Text deleting 
	Block commands 
	File commands 
	Miscellaneous 

Index

1. Applix 1616 Computer System

Do you want a standard MS-DOS or Macintosh computer system full of custom ASIC chips and undocumented features? Do you want to deal with sales people who know little more than the price of the computer? Do you want to buy expensive programs, and then find the dealer knows nothing that isn’t obvious from the manual. If so, don’t bother to read this.

Or do you like to understand every single chip in your system, have every function accessible and changeable, and have interface facilities readily available? If you have a difficult problem, would you like to talk to the person who designed the computer? Would you like to read the source code for the programs you are using? Would you like to build your own custom computer, or have one assembled to suit your needs?

The Applix 1616 is an Australian designed and built computer system for engineers, programmers, advanced students, and DIY enthusiasts. Particularly suited to custom interfaces, industrial control, andeducation, itmakes a fine general purpose personal computer system. Provides a powerful EPROM resident multiuser, multitasking operating system, not unlike Unix, with lots of interface facilities.

Accepts industry standard peripherals, no hard to get add-ons. Built with common TTL and LSI electronic components, no special parts (except for two 16R8 PAL chips). All facilities open and accessible from C, assembler, Forth, BASIC, or straight from the keyboard.

The 7.5 MHz (field upgradable to 15 MHz) Motorola 68000 or 68010 based motherboard is available as a bare board, in kit form, or fully built, to suit your budget and intentions. Provision on board for 512k RAM, dual Z8530 SCC serial ports (as in Macintosh), latched Centronics compatible printer port, Apple compatible joystick port, 3000 baud cassette interface, stereo sound outputs from 2 watt amplifiers, and accepts a standard IBM keyboard.

Plenty of uncommitted I/O for interfacing. 8 digital I/O lines from 6522 VIA, two 8 bit analog output lines, six 8 bit analog input lines. Four 80 pin expansion sockets (one used by disk controller) give access to all 68000 lines, including interrupts, plus power. Comes with all schematics, full circuit description, construction manual, and built in tests for fault finding. Tests (or complete construction) do not require any peripherals (a logic probe, keyboard and video monitor, or serial terminal, do help however).

Bit mapped 6545 based programmable video circuit on board runs IBM CGA monitors, or composite black and white. Software selectable 320 by 200 pixels in 16 colours, 640 by 200 in 4 colours from palette of 16. One additional TTL chip provides two additional modes, which require dual scan Hercules, EGA or multisync monitor. 320 by 350 in 16 colours, 640 by 350 in four colours from a palette of 16. Second PAL chip provides additional 960 by 512 monochrome display, with software support for multiple windows (requires multisync or 30 KHz monitor). Or, if you like, run the entire system from a serial terminal without video.

Multiuser (3 users), multitasking (64 tasks) 1616/OS operating system, with over sixty commands, plus over 200 system calls, in the onboard 128k of EPROM. EPROM contains a WordStar compatible full screen editor, haa complete 68000 macro assembler with include file facilities and conditional assembly, plus ASCII tables, an expression evaluator, timing of commands, clock facilities, a small machine code monitor, and many utilities.

Terminal emulator provides Televideo 950 compatible terminal facilities via both serial ports. File commands handle onboard ram disk, optional floppy drives, and SCSI hard disks, with a hierarchical file system. Cold boot from floppy, hard disk, EPROM card, or without any drives at all. Warm boot from any drive, including ram disk. User Tutorial, User Reference manual, Programmers manual, and Technical Reference manuals included. Many other manuals available.

Plug in intelligent disk drive controller card has 8 MHz Z80, sockets for 64k of RAM (8k standard), 32k EPROM, WD1770 floppy disk controller chip, socket for NCR 5380 SCSI hard disk controller chip, socket for Z8530 SCC dual serial ports. Run any 40 or 80 track 3.5 inch or 5.25 inch double density floppy drives (two 800k 3.5 inch double sided 80 track drives are recommended). Can run any hard disk with inbuilt SCSI, or use Adaptec, Xebec or similar SCSI to ST506 converter to run IBM style ST506 hard disk. Disk controller can optionally run ZCPR ZRDOS CP/M emulation, using Microbee format disks. WordStar, etc available. Free utility software can read, write and format MS-DOS disks, read and write many CP/M formats.

2. Keyboard

Using reset control

First try Alt C to interrupt the program, and if that fails, Alt Ctrl C.

Level 2 reset is Alt Ctrl R, or press hardware Reset switch. Ram disk contents are retained.

Two resets (by either method) within three seconds of each other do a Level 1 reset, which does extra initialisation. Or type syscall 1 from keyboard.

The ‘level0’ reset should occur only at power-on time. A level 0 reset reinitialises everything, including the RAM disk. Or type syscall .101 from keyboard.

Control and Alt key

Ctrl key plus another key generates the ASCII code of that key, minus 64, providing a Control code between 0 and 31.

Alt key plus another key generates the ASCII code of the key, plus 128 (for programmers, bit 7 is set by the Alt key).

All 256 characters of the extended ASCII character set are obtainable by holding down the Alt key and typing the character’s ASCII code (in decimal) on the numeric keypad section of the keyboard.

The Alt key

Special functions use the Alt key:

Alt T Toggles the cassette relay.

Alt Ctrl R Level 2 reset.

Alt S Stops and starts character output on video output. Cursor changes to an underline to indicate that output is suspended.

Alt C Abort from a program or a function.

Alt Ctrl C Abort any program in foreground.

Alt Del Toggle EOF character between $04 and $100 (default is $100).

Function key macros

The ten function keys F1 to F10 may be used to produce up to 63 characters of input from a single keystroke, providing macros for any program.

Hold down the Alt and Ctrl and press the function key. From this point all characters typed are invisibly captured into the definition for that function key. Terminate definition by pressing the function key which is being defined.

Last line recall

The up-arrow ↑ and down-arrow ↓ keys (or Ctrl E and Ctrl X) scroll up and down through the last 10 lines which have been entered in the line editor. Once you have found the line you wish, you can change it with the powerful line editor.

Typing the first few characters of a past line, then using the Esc key will complete the line. Press Esc again for the next line that matches.


3. Line editor

Cursor positioning commands:

Ctrl D or →	Go forward one character

Ctrl F	Go forward one word

Ctrl S or ←	Go backward one character

Ctrl A	Go backward one word or If at start of line, go to end; otherwise go to start

Ctrl B or End

Text deletion commands:

Ctrl G or Del	Delete the character under the cursor

Ctrl T	Delete from the cursor to the start of the next word

Ctrl Y	Delete from the cursor to the end of the line

Bs or Ctrl H	Delete the character before the cursor

Ctrl V	Delete from the start of the line up to the cursor

Miscellaneous commands:

Ctrl W	Recall previously typed lines, insert at cursor

Ctrl U	Undo the last deletion, insertion or command (some versions only)

Ctrl P 	Escape a control character - after typing a you may enter any
		single control character into the line.

Ctrl P

Ctrl M or Enter	The Enter key is pressed when you are satisfied with the line. 
			The cursor may be at any point on the line when Enter is pressed.
			On some keyboards, the key is marked Return.

Ctrl E or ↑	Scroll backwards through previous lines

Ctrl X or ↓	Scroll forwards through previous lines

4. Connections

Looking at the rear, and viewing from left to right, the connectors are:


5. Miscellaneous

Special characters

; 	comment on command lines, rest of line is ignored.
" 	ignore special characters enclosed in quotes.
’ 	’A ’B etc., enter ASCII code.
! 	separate multiple commands, up to 511 character allowed in line.
. 	Decimal numbers are preceded by .
% 	Binary numbers are preceded by %
-	Minus may precede decimal number only (e.g. .-5)
	Hexadecimal numbers have no leading character.
*	Wildcard for any group of characters, works in all commands.
?	Wildcard for any single character.
[ ] 	Group characters.
~ 	Negate a group.
| 	Pipe output of command to input of next command.
& 	Run command asynchronously, in background (multitasking).

Input / output redirection

commandname arguments <inputsource > outputdestination } errordestination

The optional input / output redirections ‘<’, ‘>’ and ‘}’ in the command line format above will get input from, and send output and error messages to, the nominated character devices or files for the duration of the command. Doubled redirections >> and }} means that new output is appended to the previous output file, rather than overwriting it.

The ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘>>’, ‘}’ and ‘}}’ constructs must be the last part of the command line; all characters after these are ignored. Using wildcards in I/O redirection filenames will not work; the whole filename must be entered.

Character devices

A character device is identified by a name followed by a colon.

CON:	Console, the video display when used as output,
	and the keyboard when used as input.
SA:	Serial channel A for input and output.
SB:	Serial channel B for input and output.
CENT:	Centronics parallel printer output port. Input may not be obtained from this device.
NULL:	Discards characters which are sent to it. Input may not be obtained from this device.

Some examples of commands which employ I/O redirection follow:

dir >myfile
dir >>myfile
edit myfile <edcommandfile

This command uses the full-screen editor upon the file myfile. The file edcommandfile would contain a sequence of characters which are presented to the editor as if you had typed them in.

SSASM asmfile.s -l >CENT: }errorlog
parallel (centronics) printer port. Error messages are recorded in the file
errorlog in the current directory.

Block devices, disk drives

Block devices are /RD, ram disk. /F0 and /F1, floppy disk drives, /H0, /H1, etc hard drives, /S0, etc fast SCSI. Don’t forget the /.

RAM disk

Vary the amount of memory which 1616/OS allocates for the RAM disk using switches 0 and 1 of the quad switch on the 1616’s PCB as below (exact ram may vary from version to version).

MRDRIVERS software can override this on boot up, if required.

RAM disk	Switch 1	Switch 0	RAM disk size
0 		off 		off		 24K
1 		off		 on 		104K
2		 on	 	off	 	200K
3		 on		 on 		304K

Search path

The order of these can be swapped, see option .19 2.

Shell programs.

; 	Comments are preceded by a semicolon.
$1 	first argument.
$2 	second argument, etc.
$0 	returns the name of the shell file itself.
$* 	all arguments except the name of the shell file (arguments 1 and on).
trap 	enables error trapping.
notrap 	disable error trapping mode.
trap2 	non-zero error trapping.
+ 	enable command echoing. - disable command echoing.
command args <<end_marker		redirect this from standard input end_marker.

6. 1616/OS Commands.

All commands are entered by typing their name. Options and filesnames are separated from the command by space(s).

Command format

commandname arguments <inputsource > outputdestination } errordestination.

FILE RELATED

Manipulate files on disk devices. Also apply to character devices such as CON: and CENT:.

The COPY, MOVE, TYPE, CAT and CIO commands overlap in their functions and there are a number of ways of doing any one thing. Terminate with an end-of-file character, if set, usually .

Copying, joining, moving files

CAT [pathname1] [pathname2] [device1:] [device2:] ...

Copying files and directories

COPY source1 [source2] ... destination

Moving files and directories

MOVE source destination (original file is removed)

Displaying files

TYPE pathname1 [pathname2] ... Accepts wildcards, multiple files.
TYPE device: [pathname1] ...

Deleting files and empty directories

DELETE pathname1 [pathname2] [pathname3] ...

Renaming files and directories

RENAME pathname filename

Change date of file or directory

TOUCH pathname1 [pathname2] ...

Changing file attributes

FILEMODE 0 mask file1 [file2] ... 		Clear attribute bits
FILEMODE 1 mask file1 [file2] ... 		Set attribute bits
Ctrl d
6
0 $0001 Backup bit: the file is backed up
1 $0002 Directory bit: the directory entry refers to a directory
2 $0004 Locked bit: the file is locked (read - only)

Bits 3, 4 and 5 are Read, Write and eXecute bits, displayed as RWX in DIR.

Bits 6, 7 and 8 are symbolic links, small file speedup valid, and hidden files.

Bit 9 is boring bit, files not to be backed up.

DIRECTORY RELATED

Directory listings

DIR [pathname1] [pathname2] ... 	Wildcard gives next level directories also.
DIRS [pathname1] [pathname2] ... 	Gives short, names only listing.
DIR /F0/*

Changing directory

CD 		Display name of current directory
CD path 	Change to a new directory
CD /f0 		Makes the root directory of floppy 0 current
CD .. 		Moves up a directory level
CD mydir 	Moves down a level
CD ../mydir 	Moves across a level

Creating a directory

MKDIR path				Make a directory

Execution search path

XPATH 				Display path setting
XPATH - 			Clear all paths
XPATH path1 [path2] ...		Set paths
XPATH + path1 [path2] ...	Add paths

Block device information

VOLUMES				Lists the volume name of every disk on line.

Substituting pathnames

ASSIGN			display all current assignments
ASSIGN - 		delete all current assignments
ASSIGN /path1 /path2	/path2 is substituted whenever /path1 appears

Set environment string

SET 			display all current settings
SET - 			delete all current assignments
SET -e "name1=setting1"	set name1 to setting1, eg set -e del=delete
SET -a name1=setting1	for use anywhere in command, eg set -a work=$home/mydir

CASSETTE TAPE

Saving files on tape

TSAVE pathname1 [pathname2] [pathname3] ...

First rewind the tape, put the player into record mode and allow the tape to move forwards until the leader is no longer over the tape head. Use command to toggle the cassette relay.

Archiving files on tape

TARCHIVE pathname1 [pathname2] [pathname3] ...

Loading files from tape

TLOAD [pathname1]

Loading multiple tape files

ITLOAD				Mnemonic: Indefinite Tape LOAD

Verifying tape files

TVERIFY

MEMORY MANIPULATION

A safe memory area for experimenting with these commands is the $8000-$10000 memory range.

The terminates memory examination. Commands start at address ‘a1’, end at address ‘a2’, use last address accessed as default for start. Some provide a prompted mode if no parameters are given.

Examining memory

MDB [a1] [a2]
MDW [a1] [a2]
MDL [a1] [a2]				Mnemonic: Memory Dump (Byte, Word or Long)

Continuous memory examination

MRDB a1
MRDW a1
MRDL a1					Mnemonic: Memory Repetitively Display (Byte, Word, Long)

Memory alteration

MWB a1 [n1] [n2] [n3] ...
MWW a1 [n1] [n2] [n3] ...
MWL a1 [n1] [n2] [n3] ...		Mnemonic: Memory Write (Byte, Word, Long)

Putting ASCII strings in memory

MWA a1 [string]
MWAZ a1 [string]			Mnemonic: Memory Write Ascii (Zero)
Alt T
Alt C

Memory filling

MFB a1 a2 n1
MFW a1 a2 n1
MFL a1 a2 n1
MFA a1 a2 string			Mnemonic: Memory Fill (Byte, Word, Long, Ascii)

Memory comparing

MCMP a1 a2 a3			Mnemonic: Memory CoMPare

The memory blocks between addresses ‘a1’ through to ‘a2’ is compared to the blocks starting at address ‘a3’.

Memory searching

MSEARCH a1 a2 n1 [n2] [n3] ...

Memory moving

MMOVE a1 a2 a3

Saving memory in a file

MSAVE a1 a2 pathname1

Loading memory from a file

MLOAD pathname1 [a1]

COMMAND LINE REDIRECTION

Moving characters about

CIO [n1] Mnemonic: Copy Input to Output
Reads characters from standard input and writes them to standard output, optionally terminating on
the character whose ASCII code is ‘n1’. Terminate on
CIO 1a <sa: >myfile
Read from serial channel A and write onto new file ‘myfile’. Terminate on a control-Z
(ASCII code $1a).

CIO >>myfile <sb: Read characters from serial channel B and append then to ‘myfile’.

CIO <sa: >sb:
CIO <myfile >cent:

SHELL FILES

Echo command line arguments

ECHO [-n] [arg1] [arg2] ... (-n means no new-line)
Alt Ctrl C
9

Pausing

PAUSE n1 (cease processing for n1/50 seconds)

SYSTEM

Setting the time and date

SETDATE year month day hour minute second. Don’t forget decimal point.

Displaying the current time/date

DATE

Executing machine code

GO a1 Perform an MC68000 ‘JSR’ to ‘a1’.

Manually performing system calls

SYSCALL callno n1 n2 n3 ...

This command causes 1616/OS to perform system call number ‘callno’, with parameters n1, n2, etc.

The value returned in data register d0) is printed out.

Status of all processes

PS Gives lots of details of all processes operating.

Stop a background process

KILL process_name or PID Stop a particular background process.

Synchronise processes

"WAIT background_process ! action or command" &

Altering internal settings

OPTION optionnum setting

The option command is a general way of varying various fiddly settings within 1616/OS. If you use the option command without a second (setting) parameter, it will return the current setting of the option. Option n 0 usually turns the option on or off (opposite of the default).

option 0 1 (default) Turns on display of the current directory in the prompt.
option 1 1 Turns on verbose mode flag. Most commands operate quietly.

option 2 2 (default) Turns on alphabetic sorting. The option 2 setting also affects the sorting of wildcard expansion.

option 2 0 turns off sorting of directory listings.

option 2 1 turns on sorting of listings by date.

option 3 0 Affects how information is displayed when a machine exception occurs.

If option 3 0 (default) has been selected then the screen is not cleared and a register dump only is displayed.

If option 3 1 is selected the screen is cleared, the registers are dumped and a stack backtrace is displayed.

10 driver code.

option 5 0 (default) getmem returns a negative error code when out of memory.

Option 5 1 causes the system to generate an internal error when the memory allocation function getmem receives a request for more memory than is available.

option 6 N Sets the end-of-file character for character devices. The normal setting is .256 (none). Use 4 for Unix, .26 for MSDOS files. Reads from character devices terminate when this character is read. Like all options, Option 6 with no parameters prints out the current parameters, in this case EOF character.

option 7 8192 (default) Set exec file stack space.

option 8 0 (default) Disables the system from writing to the system blocks of a disk (blocks zero through to the start of the root directory).

option 8 1 enables. Option is automattically turned off after use.

option 9 1 (default) Enable the keyboard reset function.

option .10 1 (default) Enable the output suspension facility.

option .10 0 disables. Note the period (.) indicating a decimal value, option .11 1 (default) Enable all special keyboard codes.

option .12 1 (default) Enables the output of a beep character when the system prints out an error message.

option .13 1 (default) Kill offending process upon bus or similar exception.

option .13 0 is warm start.

option .14 1 (default) Only affects register dump in trace exception mode. Dumps contents of program counter and registers, if the 68000 trace flag is set on. You set the CPU trace flag in the 68000 status register with or.w #$8000.sr, and clear it using and.w #$7ffff.sr.

option .14 0 disables register output, except for PC.

option .15 0 Not available. Formerly set user ID number option .16 .56 Not available. Formerly set filemode file creation mask to RWX.

option .17 1 Enable lower case pathnames in all files.

option .18 0 Set video output. 1 = ignore escape sequences. 2 = ignore meaning of control character. 3 = display all characters on screen. 4 = closer TVI 950 emulation.

option .19 1 Enable automatic re-read of all xpath directories, after encountering unrecognised program name. .19 2 searches xpath before current directory. .19 3 both

Quitting the command interpreter

QUIT [or End-of-File marker, usually , if set]

HANDY UTILITIES

Numeric base conversion

BASE n1 [n2] [n3] ... Into binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal equivalents.

Entering the editor

EDIT filename1 [n1] Full screen editor, ‘n1’ is the tab stop width (default is 8).

Alt Ctrl R
Alt S
Alt
Ctrl D
11

Assembling 68000 code

SSASM filename

Expression evaluation

EXPR n1 [op] [n2] [op] [n3] ...

If your first attempt at a calculation fails, remember last line recall!

x or X multiplication
/ division
+ addition
- subtraction
% modulo (remainder)
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
^ bitwise exclusive OR

Printing the ASCII character set

ASCII [d | h | D | H] decimal or hex, 0-127, 128-255

Timing a command

TIME command How long did it take?

Defining function keys

FKEY n1 string1

Sets function key ‘n1’ to produce ‘string1’ when typed. 
String to be surrounded by quotes. 
Enter control keys by preceding them with ). 
Get more than one command line by including the Enter (or ).

Also direct from keyboard using function key combination.

COMMUNICATION

Reprogramming the serial ports

SERIAL channel baudrate rxbits txbits parity stopbits

0 is no parity, 1 is odd, 2 is even, 0 is 1 stopbit, 1 is 1.5, 2 is 2.

Using the 1616 as a terminal

TERMA
TERMB

Downloading S-records

SREC [filename] <redirection
Ctrl P
Ctrl M
Alt Ctrl

7. Escape sequences

If you embed terminal control characters or escape sequences in a file, you can display bold, underline, italics, subscript, and superscript text (or any reasonable mixture). The $29.95 Dr Doc editor uses these, as do other programs.

^G Beep speaker 7.

^I Tab 8.

^J Line feed 10.

^K Cursor up 11.

^L Clear screen 12.

^M Carriage return 13.

^V Cursor down 22.

^^ Home cursor 30.

ESC = (row+32) (col+32) Positions the cursor.

ESC ) Start highlighting.

ESC ( End highlighting.

ESC * Clear the screen, or current window.

ESC B (value+32) Sets the background colour to ‘value’.

ESC b Visible bell.

ESC E Insert a line at the current one.

ESC F (value+32) Sets the foreground colour to ‘value’.

ESC G 1 Sets subscript mode.

ESC G 2 Sets superscript mode.

ESC G 4 Sets bold mode.

ESC G 8 Sets underline mode.

ESC G @ Sets italic mode.

ESC G 0 Clears subscript, superscript, underline, bold and italic modes.

ESC I Back tab.

ESC j Reverse scroll display.

ESC M (from+32) (to+32) Copies the contents of a line.

ESC P (position+32) (value+32) Writes ‘value’ into the 1616 video palette at ‘position’.

ESC Q Character insert.

ESC q Enter insert mode.

ESC r End insert mode. ($1B, $72).

ESC R Delete the current line.

ESC S (value+32) Sets the border colour to ‘value’.

ESC t Clears from cursor to the end of the line.

ESC T Clears from cursor to the end of the line.

ESC W Delete character.

ESC Y Clears from cursor to the end of the screen.


8. System calls

The Applix system calls are relatively low level functions in the EPROMS that can be accessed from the keyboard, or under program control. A full description is in the Programmers Manual. Invoke from the keyboard using syscall .number, followed by any required parameters. Remember that keyboard input defaults to hexadecimal values, so place a . before each number to indicate a decimal value. In assembler or C, is is easier to use the system call header files. A system call is actually performed by placing the call number in register D0, and any required arguments as 32 bit long integers into D1, D2, A0, A1 and A2, and then executing a 68000 Trap 7 instruction. D0 contains the negative error code, or other results, upon return.

General system calls

101 coldboot( )Cold start 1616/OS
0 warmboot( )Warm start 1616/OS
1 warmboot( )Warm start 1616/OS
11 loadrel(ifd, addr)Load relocatable code from open file
13 exit(exit_status )Terminate transient program
16 set_vsvec(vec, rate, callval)Install a vertical sync interrupt routine
17 clr_vsvec(vnum)Remove a vertical sync interrupt routine
18 get_ticks( )Get number of ticks since system startup
19 get_cpu( )Determine CPU type
21 caswraw(start, length, leader)Raw cassette block write
22 casrraw(buf, leader, maxhunk)Raw cassette block read
23 getdate(buffer)Get system time date
24 setdate(buffer)Set system time date
25 abortstat( )Get ALT-C status
26 ent1ints(vec, preload)Enable VIA timer1 interrupts
27 dist1ints( )Disable VIA timer1 interrupts
28 sine(angle)Calculate a sine
29 def_fk(fknum, str)Define a function key
30 getrand( )Read random number seed
62 getmem(nbytes, mode)Allocate memory
63 getfmem(addr, nbytes, mode)Request memory at fixed address
64 freemem(addr)Free memory
69 floadrel(path, memmode)Load an executable file
80 setstvec(vecnum, whereto)Alter/install a system call vector
83 gettdstr(buffer)Get time/date string
83 cvttdstr(0, 0, dateptr, mybuf)
83 readtimeinc(0, 1, 0)
83 settimeinc(inc)
84 nledit(str, length)Edit a line with length constraint
86 ledit(str)Line editor
87 iexec(prompt)Indefinitely call 1616/OS command executor
88 exec(lb)Execute a 1616/OS command
89 callmrd(n, cmd, arg)Call memory resident driver
90 set_kvec(vec)Alter keyboard scan code vector
91 clparse(pargs, ptype, pval)Internal command parser
92 qsort(base, nel, width, compar)General purpose sorting function
93 sliceargs(string, argv, wcexp)String separation and wildcard expansion
94 cpuspeed( )Return CPU speed
97 execa(argv)Execute a system command
98 execv(path, argv)Execute a system command
99 option(opnum, setting)Set internal mode
122 errmes(errcode)Interpret error code
126 getromver( )Return 1616/OS version
128 aexeca(argv isasync)Execute a system command, for multitasking
135 alias(cmd, arg)Alias a command
142 fnledit(buf, len, in, out)line edit remote

File I/O system calls

65 chdir(path)Change current directory
66 mkdir(path, ndirblocks)Create a new directory
67 getfullpath(path, memmode)Get full pathname from relative pathname
68 pathcmp(path1, path2)Compare two pathnames
100 inst_bdvr(br, bw, misc, name, bitmap)Install a block device driver
102 find_bdvr(name)Locate a block device driver
103 blkread(blk, buf, dev)Raw block read
104 blkwrite(blk, buf, dev)Raw block write
105 open(name, mode)Open a disk file / character device
106 read(handle, buf, nbytes)Read from a disk file / character device
107 close(handle)Close a disk file
108 creat(name, type, addr)Create a disk file
109 write(handle, buf, nbytes)Write data to a disk file / character device
110 unlink(name)Delete a disk file
111 rename(old, new)Rename a disk file
112 filestat(name, buf)Get the status of a disk file
113 readdir(dev, buf, dp, pos, pd)Sequentially read disk directory
114 interpbec(ec, buf)Interpret a block device error code
115 seek(fd, offset, mode)Seek to a new disk file position
116 tell(fd)Return current disk file position
117 bdmisc(bdnum, code, arg1)Call block driver miscellaneous function
118 processdir(path, buffer, mode)Perform directory operations
119 multiblkio(drv, cmd, ptr, blk, nblks)Multiple block I/O driver
124 rdalldir(p, mm, sm, ps)Read all directories
134 slink(one, two, three)Symbolic link code
141 chkperm(pdirent, mask, path)Check directory permissions

Character I/O system calls

2 getchar( )Read one character from standard input
3 sgetchar( )Get status of standard input
4 putchar(ch)Put a character to standard output
5 sputchar( )Get status of standard output
6 getc(dvr)Get a character from a stream
7 sgetc(dvr)Get status of an input stream
8 putc(dvr, ch)Put a character to an output stream
9 sputc(dvr)Get status of an output stream
14 set_sip(dvr)Assign standard input
15 set_sop(dvr)Assign standard output
20 set_ser(dvr)Assign standard error
95 find_driver(ioro, name)Locate a character device driver
10 add_ipdvr(io, stat, name, pv)Install an input character device driver
10 add_xipdvr(io, stat, name, pv, m)Install extended input drive
12 add_opdvr(io, stat, name, pv)Install an output character device driver
96 get_dvrlist(ioro)Locate the character device driver table
81 new_cbuf(dev, addr, len)Vary buffer size for a character device
48 printf(str, p1, p2, p3, p4)Formatted output
49 sprintf(buf, contstr, p1, p2, p3, p4)Data formatting
120 fprintf(handle, contstr, p1, p2, p3)Formatted output to a character stream
121 fputs(fd, buf)String output to a character stream
123 fgets(f, buf)Line input from a character stream
133 cdmisc(dvrnum, cmd, arg1, arg2, arg3)misc character driver

Video output system calls

31 set_640(mode)Set/clear 640 column mode
32 set_vdp(page)Set video display page
33 set_vap(page)Set video software access page
35 set_bgcol(colmask)Set video text background colour mask
36 set_bdcol(col)Set video border colour
37 set_pal(palpos, col)Set a palette entry
38 rdch_shape(charno)Get pointer to character shape definition
39 def_chshape(charno, defptr)Redefine a character shape
40 def_wind(wind)Define a video window
41 vid_address(x, y)Get physical video addresses
42 move_wind(buf, mode)Move video window contents
43 rawvid(row, col, ch, fgmask, bgmask)Low level video character drawing
44 fill_wind(col)Fill the video window
45 scurs_mode(rate, enable, mask)Alter cursor mode
46 mousetrap(trapno, vector)Install mouse driver intercept
46 savecontext(4, p)Save context
46 restvcontext(5, p)Restore context
46 vcontextsizeContext size
130 newchset(ptr)Select a new video character set

Graphics system calls

47 fill(x, y, value)Area fill routine
50 rset_pel(x, y, val)Raw graphics point draw
51 set_pel(x, y, val)Windowed graphics point draw
52 rline(x0, y0, x1, y1)Raw graphics line draw
53 drawline(x0, y0, x1, y1)Windowed graphics line draw
54 rread_pel(x, y)Raw pixel read
55 read_pel(x, y)Windowed pixel read
56 sgfgcol(colour)Set graphics foreground colour
59 rcircle(x, y, radius)Raw circle draw
60 circle(x, y, radius)Windowed circle draw
61 sdotmode(mode)Set graphics write operation

OS control and Multitasking

119 multiblkio(drv, cmd, ptr, blk, nblks)Multiple block I/O driver
125 oscontrol(cmd, arg)System alterations
125 0 setibcvec(vec)command disable
125 1 obramstart( )start of on-board ram
125 2 not defined
125 3 readibcvec( )command disable vector
125 4 forcelevel0( )next reset is level 0
125 5 readxpath(n)points to xpath name
125 6 readassign(m)read back assigns
125 7 setumask(n)set file creation mask for process
125 8 readumask()read file creation mask
125 9 setuid(n)set UID for process
125 10 readuid( )read UID for process
125 11 get_bdev(path)block devie driver no for file
125 12 dumplastlines(cdev)throw away last lines for line editor
125 13 setwildvec(vec)replace wildcard comparison
125 14 readwildvec( )point to wildcard compare routne
125 15not used
125 16not used
125 17 video_init(level)initialise video to any reset level
125 18 kb_init(level)initialise keyboard to any reset level
125 19 setbeepvol(vol)set volume of beep
125 20 readbeepvol( )read volume of beep
125 21 setbeepvec(vec)set sound vector for beep
125 22 readbeepvec( )read sound vector for beep
125 23 nouseffbs(n)don’t use 4 kbyte file patch
125 24 readffbs()find state of 4 kbyte file patch
125 26 rxtxptr(n)pointer to SCC ISR vector
125 27 setbdlockin(n)lockin multiio call on devic
125 28 readbdlockin( )read lockin state
125 29 startofday( )non-zero if power up
125 30 pfastchar( )fast video character output
125 31 srbrclock(n)baud rate multiplier
125 32 timer1used( )true if in freetone
125 33 trashassign(uid)trash assigns by UID
125 34 trashenvstrings(pid)trash environments by UID
125 35 envsubs(s, dollaronly, mmode)string substitution mode
125 36 doassign(argc, argv)access to assign command
127 lockZ80(mode, arg)Lock Z80, file system interlock
128 aexeca(argv, isasync)Multitasking execution of system command
129 proccntl(mode, arg(s))Multiple command process control call
129 0 getpidCurrent process ID
129 1 getppid(pid)Get parent process ID
129 2 exit2(exitcode)Terminate current process
129 3 kill(pid)Unconditionally terminate process
129 4 sleep(pid)Suspend processing
129 5 getproctab(pid)Process table entry pointer
129 6 cwd(pid, path)Change current working directory
129 7 lockin(mode)Disable process descheduling
129 8 runstats(mode)Collect statistics of stack & memory usage
129 9 wait(pid)Wait for process to exit
129 10 nice(pid, ticks)Set process time slice
129 11 sigsend(pid, arg1, arg2)Send a signal
129 12 sigcatch(vector)Install a signal handler
129 13 sendinterrupt(rootpid)Send Alt-Ctrl-C interrupt
129 14 proctrace(rootpid)Put process into trace mode
129 15 getprocflags(pid)Read process flags from process table
129 16 isinteractive(pid)Is process interactive?
129 17 nospcheck(pid, mode)Enable and disable stack checking
129 18 csvec(v)Install context switch vector
129 19 getpcurpid( )Pointer to current PID
129 20 readsigvecpid)Signal handler for current process
129 21 fsbptr( )File system interlock semaphore
129 22 fspptr( )PID of process in file system
129 23 ssptr( )Lock current process in file system
129 24 killuser(hs)Kill processes of homeshell PID
129 25 sigblock(pid, blk)Block or unblock signals
129 26 alarm(n)Set an alarm
129 27 sigblocker(rootpid, sig, arg)Signals blocked process
129 28 snooze(vec, p1, p2)Sleep until true
129 29 siguser(pid, sig, arg)Signal user
129 30 findhomeshell(pid)Find homeshell of process
129 31 setshnice(pid, nice)Set nice level of shell
129 32 lastchild(pid)Find most recent child of PID
129 33 swpptr( )Switch pending flag
129 34 killdown(startpid)Send killdown signal to parent
129 35 sigdown(statpid, val1, val2)Send sigdown signal to parent
129 36 killuid(uid)Kill all processes of UID
129 37 siguid(uid, p1, p2)Signal all proceses of UID
129 38 setsigexit(pid, mode)Signal process on other exit
129 39 setpg(pg)Set up a process group
129 40 sigpg(pg, sig, arg)Signal a process group
129 41 killpg(pg)Kill a process group
129 42 setprocumask(id, mask)Set a process group umask
129 43 setenvbits(pid, mask, set)Set environment bits for a user
129 44 getenvbits(pid)Find which environment bits are set
129 45 nametopid(pid)Convert string to PID
129 47 blockrx(mode)Receive an interprocess block
129 48 setenv(pid, name, set, mode)Manipulate environment strings (set)
129 49 getenv(pid, name, mode)Get environment string variables
131 schedprep(addr, argv, flags, ss)Schedule a new process
132 pipe(ptr)Pipe

Hardware control system calls

70 anipsel(ipnum)Select an analogue input
71 anopsel(opnum)Select an analogue output
72 anopdis( )Disable analogue outputs
73 adc( )Perform analogue to digital conversion
74 dac(val)Perform digital to analogue conversion
75 set_led(val)Set/clear LED
76 freetone(table, tablen, length, preload)Play a waveform
77 fttime( )Return time left for freetone completion
78 rdiport( )Read input port
79 rdbiport( )Read time-accumulated input port
82 prog_sio(chan, spptr)Reprogram a serial port
133 cdmisc(dvr, cmd, p1, p2, p3)Misc char device driver
140 crtc_init(mode, p)Initialise CRTC mode

9. Available Programs

This lists the command line options for many of the programs available on the Applix 1616, and briefly describes the programs. Source code for programs accompanies the program (except for sc spreadsheet calculator, which uses curses heavily). Many utilities are available on the $29.95 Utilities disk, others come with the disk drive kit, the rest are available on 25 shareware disks, available at $5 each, plus $2 postage.

| or ^ pipe [ on ] [ off ] [ d ]UNIX style memory resident pipe.U1am
1616typer.basVery simple letter writer, justifies typing.4pc
3demo3 D demo, converted from Atari ST.18gb
60hzcrtcModify 6545 CRTC video controller registers.6am
640circleMakes circles display correctly in BASIC.4am
adc filesize filenameCapture sound 38.97 kHz, compressed storage.19gb
adc11 soundfileInput sound from external digitiser using 6522 VIA.17ms
adc11 tablesize soundfileInput sound from microphone via user port.18gb
adc15 tablesize soundfileInput sound faster from microphone via user port.18gb
adc22 tablesize soundfilegb
adc_s tablesize soundfileInput stereo from two microphones via user port.18gb
addcr infile outfileAdd carriage returns to linefeeds in file.U1am
addcr filenameAdd CR to LF in file, for editing.20am
addlf filenameAdd LF to CR in file, for editing.20am
advent [-red]Colossal Cave text adventure game.2mh.am
amplSound sampling, no hardware. Based on Gerhard’s.24am
amv.basAnimal vegetable mineral guessing game.4df
analogoutDemo use of analog ports, selection.25
appPart of Conal’s ega mrd for OSv4.18cw
ar [-adprtvx] afile [filename] ...File archive and library.U1am
arc [-]{amufdxeplvtc} [biswn] [gpassword] archive [filename ...]File archive and library, with compression.U1am
arep repetition_ticks initial_delay_ticksKeyboard autorepeat and delay.Uam
arep.mrdMRD for keyboard autorepeat rate and delay.24am
asciicalcascii string evaluation tutorial.6sy
atoz filenameTransfer Applix file to CP/M format.11jm
back soundfilePlay sound file backwards.1,3jf
back11 soundfilePlay sound file backwards.1,6jf
back22 soundfilePlay sound file backwards.1,6jf
ballPing pong video ball game.3ad
basicPublic domain Tiny BASIC interpreter.14am
beep.mrdMRD to change ^G beep sound.23amc
bigbuf [bufsize] [satx] [sarx] [sbtx] [sbrx] [cent] [kb] buffer size4am
bkgBackgammon game against computer.2mh.am
blockdev devnameInitialise, format and name disks.Uam
bmedit bmfileBit map editor for making icons and characters.15amc
brickwalls.basManoeuvering video game.4df
bs [-b|-s][-c]Curses based battleship game, from Unix.18am
bug &Demonstration of mouse cursor.Uam
buildmrd [-rramdisksize] [-ooutfile] [-sstacksize] [-vvideosize]
[-ccolours] [file.xrel] [file.xrel] ...
Establish TSR (MRD) programs, configure memory.Uam
cHiTech commercial C compiler, Clyde Smith-Stubbs, $275.00
c1616 helpfile [swapfile]Hypertext help system.13cw
c_examplesSimple C examples.18dw
cfrontC++ front end.25cm
cal [ month ] yearAny year, any month calendar.U1am
calendar.basCalendar in BASIC.4pc
cdev [device:]Dump character device control tables.15amc
chessGNU chess program, with graphics interface.11am
chmem stackspace files ...Change file stackspace usage.Uam
choice -s -hTwo handed trump taking card game.18am
chopCode execution profiler, for hacking code to go faster.24am
clrwinTutorial on clearing a window.6sy
cmp [-ls] file1 file2Compare contents of two files.U1am
colour-barsTest your display colours.5mj
comm [ - [123 ] ] file1 file2Find lines common to two files.U1am
convert filein fileoutAmiga sound files to 1616.15mg
cprotoGenerate function prototype header from .c file.24am
crobots file fileRobot strategy in C.16cm
crtsav [time]Screen saver, blanks display after set time.3jf
d_list and dlist2directory lister for entire disk.18gb
datesetEasy way to set system date and time.5mj
dateset.basSet system date and time.4df
dd [option=value] ...Convert, translate and copy files.U1am
debuginclude in your code to trace.14gb
demonstration68000 exception handler tutorial.5mj
df filename [-nnnnn ] [-onnnn ]Dump contents of disk file.U1am
dhrynoreg dhryregTraditional benchmarks for CPU and C compiler.9am
dial phoneHayes modem autodialler utility.15mg
diff file1 file2Differential file comparator.U1am
dis filename.execEarly version 68000 file disassembler.U1am
dis filename.xrel68000 file disassembler.U1am
dis start address countDisassemble 68000 memory.U1am
disassemble file.xrel [char]Another disassembler.14gb
disassemble m address1 address2 [char]Disassembler memory.14gb
diskcopy sourcedev destdev [-f] [-r] [-s] [-v]Smart disk copy utility.Uam
diskioDisk input output tutorial.6sy
diskstatDisk statistics.24am
dissolveRandomly clear video display, special effect.6ch
doc-writeMenu front end and file handler for editor.16mj
dosdir [-lr] drive [dir]List MS-DOS disk directory contents.7gs
dosget [-a] drive file1 [file2] ...Reads MS-DOS disk files, writes them to current Applix drive.7gs
dosinit driveInitialise an empty MS-DOS file system on formatted disk.7gs
dosput [-a] drive file [file2 [file3 ...]]Write files to MS-DOS drive.7gs
dosread [-a] drive fileDisplay a file from MS-DOS disk.7gs
doswrite [-a] drive fileWrite a file on MS-DOS disk, from standard input.7gs
dr docDocument editor, fancy screens, commercial $29.95.am
driveparm [drive [steprate doublestep bitmap sizecode sectors tracks sides cache diskchange]]Display or change all disk drive parameters, for alien disks.7gs
drivetime driveTime drive rotation rate.7gs
du2Select and view raw disk blocks.6sy
duDisk usage reporter, like Unix.24am
dumpbroPrint graphics display to Brother M1109 printer.6ms
dumpchDisplay character shapes in hexadecimal.6sy
dumpscreenPrint graphics display to Epson printer.3nc
easy_writeMenu front end and file handler for compiler or assembler.15mj
ega.mrdPart of conal’s ega drivers for OS V4.18cw
ellipseDraw ellipse on display.24am
emacsTraditional minicomputer text editor.14cm
err numberError message number translator.23amc
ep232Drive smart EPROM burner from RS232 port.3jm
eroff [+00 ] [-00] [-s] [-h] [ files ]Enhanced version of roff text formatter.U1am
except.mrd68000 exception handler, to help trace bugs.3,5mj
exp argumentsMath and logic expressions evaluated.U1am
factorial [-v] numberCalculates factorials to many places.15gb
fastcopy source destSet drive characteristics, will quickly copy any non-Macintosh alien disk, such as IBM, Applix, Atari.7gs
fftFast Fourier Transform code sample.9cm
fileclean filenameConverts imported files to editor format.Uam
find dirspec filespecFind a named file on disk.U1am
floatFloating point routines in assembler, for fractals.19gb
fmemFree memory statistics, various modes.20cd
forever commandRepeat any command until cancelled.Uam
format filename [n]Dot matrix printer utility.3db
format driveUniversal disk format program (disk will not work until a file system is also placed on it - use blockdev for Applix, mkfs for Minix, dosinit for MS-DOS, etc.)7gs
frac datafilePretty fractal pictures.6sn
fscheck devname [-v] [-y] [-yy] [-q]Check and repair disk file system.Uam
fscopy sourcedir destdirCopy directory and all sub-directories.U1am
ft etcFreetone sound effects, various types.16sy
ftolower < infile > outfileConvert file contents to lower case.U1am
ftoupper < infile > outfileConvert file contents to upper case.U1am
ftree [ -s filename] [ -d] [ -f] [ /dev]Find and display files and directories.15mj
gbplay playspeed soundfileV1.3 of Gerhard’s sound file player.19gb
genreloc fname1 fname2 ofname [bsssize]Make program relocatable.Uam
gensrec infile > outputOutput in Motorola S-record format.U1am
getty [sb:] [-uid] [-malrwx] [-cbarfile]Restricted shell via serial ports.15amc
gp pattern fileSearch a file for a simple pattern.U1am
gravBouncing ball demo converted from MGR.24am
greed [-s]Eat numbered points game, very addictive.16am
grep [ -cfinv ] pattern [ file ... ]Search files for complex pattern.U1am
guts startline [endline] file ...Output lines from file.19dw
hdbackup /hdrive /fdriveBack up hard disk.U1am
hdrestore /sourcedrive /destdriveRestore hard disk from backup.U1am
head [-n] file1 [file2 ... ]Show first n lines of files.U1am
hexagonBlock the opponent peg game.5mj
HItech C compiler, commercial, $275.00
hs name or numberEarly version programmers help system.13cw
ibmfont Use IBM graphics font instead of inbuilt one.Uam
imagewriter filename.roffPrinter utility for runoff files.10cmills
indent [ input-file [ output-file ] ] [ -bad | -nbad ] [ -bap | -nbap ] [ -bbb | -nbbb ] [ -bc | -nbc ] [ -bl ] [ -br ] [ -cn ] [ -cdn ] [ -cdb | -ncdb ] [ -ce | -nce ] [ -cin ] [ -clin ] [ -dn ] [ -din ] [ -fc1 | -nfc1 ] [ -in ] [ -ip | -nip ] [ -ln ] [ -lcn ] [ -lp | -nlp ] [ -pcs | -npcs ] [ -npro ] [ -psl | -npsl ] [ -sc | -nsc ] [ -sob | -nsob ] [ -st ] [ -troff ] [ -v | -nv ]Pretty up your C source files.10am
infocom filenameGuide to Infocom text adventures.6cm
install24am
invertchInvert the normal character set.6sy
juliaDraws Julia set fractals.19gb
justify filenameJustify a text file for printing.3nc
kalKaleidoscope graphics.1jf
karmaCollect happiness, convert the neighbourhood game.4pa
kmemC storage allocator.6am
knuth_randNotes on C random number generator in C.24
kvPrint keyboard scan codes.6am
laserFuturistic reflecting battle chess game.4pa
leditLine editor example.24am
lfk fkey_def_fileDefine function keys more easily.15ch
lhx -Lharc arc utility.23amc
libFile organiser, indexes files by disk. Very handy.19gb
libFile organiser, indexes files by disk. Very handy.20gb
lifConway’s Game of Life in 68000 assembler.14gb
lifeConway’s Game of Life in C.3,5mj
lifeYet another life. Source, no xrel.23amc
linkmrd.mrdMRD required for ls.20jf
lispVersion 1.6 of old AI language.8am
load4000 filenamePlace relocatable program in default memory location.U1am
loadreloc ifname.xrelPlace relocatable program in fixed memory location.Uam
locate.mrdFind MRD (TSR) and other programs and data in memory.15mj
ls - Unix like ls directory command, needs linkmrd.20jf
macpic filename ...V4.1 new, updated.19amc
macshow filenameConvert, colour and view Macintosh pictures (early version).1amc
make [ -f makefile] [-dinpqrst] [macro=val] [target(s)] [names]Aid in compiling C programs.U1am
makecmd cmdfile.cmd start1 end1 [ ... ] entryCreate a TRSDOS format.cmd file from Z80 code in disk controller.
Used for alien disks.
7gs
makeegaAdjust 6545 CRTC to run EGA video on Hercules monitor.15lw
mandMandelbrot demonstration, same as in Forth package.14gb
mandMandelbrot demo, two versions, similar to above.18gb
mandelMandelbrot demo, updated.19gb
mastermind.basTraditional number guessing game.4df
mazeObscure C competition maze 24
mcd [pidname] newdirChange MGR’s working directory.18am
mem Report of available free memory, largest free block, etc.15amc
mem logfileMemory usage daemon, run in background.Uam
mexec [-v] printf_control_string [args]Execute any command, in all directories.U1am
minixmultitasking Unix workalike, ported by Colin McCormack, commercial, $225.00
mkcd dirname Make dir and change to it.24am
mkfloppyShell demo of << command.24am
mkprotoGenerate function prototype header from .c file.24am
modem sa: [sb:]Xmodem file transfer program.1,2mh
modem32Menu driven file transfer program.6sy
more [ files ... ]Shows files a page at a time.U1am
more [ files ... ]Shows files a page at a time, goes backwards, searches.15mgrd
mrdstatShows details of MRD (TSR) programs in memory.U1am
multiply.Source demo of unsigned 68000 long multiply.24
mvs fileConvert file to total confusion.25ch
names [number]Generate alien sounding names.14am
newbeep.mrdMRD to allow selectable beep sound. Also selbeep.24am
nim.basTraditional math logic game.4df
nswpBulk file copy, delete, view utility, like simple Xtree.6sy
nzdebugFile dump and edit, like IBM debug.19dw or gb?
oleTest for floating point bug in C compiler.19on
paraParanoia text adventure, always gets you.2amc
pcripShoot the IBM game, for joystick.Uam
pfile.basSimple data base, includes index of last decade of Electronics Australia.4pc
pic soundfileVisual display of sound files.18gb
| or ^ pipe [ on ] [ off ] [ d ] UNIX style memory resident pipe.U1am
pipe &Simulates serial link, for test purposes.24am
play [freq] soundfile [soundfile ...] Play digitised soundfiles at selected frequency.9gb also 18gb
play_s playspeed soundfilePlay digitised sound in stereo.18gb
playsound soundfileEarly version.1am
pr [+page ] [-columns ] [-h header ] [-w width ] [-l length ] [-bfnpst ] [ files ]Text format and print routine.U1am
prog?68000 assembler tutorials.1km
ps2Variation on process status command.Uam
ps3Another variation on process status command.15amc
pwm &Pulse width modulate LED (flash it).19 ac am jf
quick.mrdReduce lines of video display to speed processing.9am
quindexQuick index, file menu and program launch system.5mj
quixBouncing line demo, quick, memory board aware.23amc
rapJive song generator (Andrew was in USA too long)24am
rawcopy sourcedevice destdeviceCopy Minix file system disks.Uam
rawread/device address blocknum [ blocknum ]Read absolute disk blocks (carefully).U1am
rawwrite /device address blocknum [ blocknum ]Write absolute disk blocks.U1am
rb [-7buv] [-sA] [-sB]Obsolete yam and ymodem receive routine.3cm
rb [-1bcuv] filenameObsolete yam and ymodem receive routine.3cm
readverDisplay the disk controller version number (alien disks).7gs
relcc [-acdijlorsuv] fileC compiler preprocessor, produces relocatable code.Uam
renlower [file] [file] ...Rename filename on disk to lower case.Uam
renupper [file] [file] ...Rename filenames on disk to upper case.Uam
reverb soundfile ptr1_off ptr1_lvl prt2_off ptr2_lvl ptr2_off ptr3_lvlApply 3 level reverberation to playing of soundfile.1,6jf
rmcr infile outfileRemove carriage returns from text file.U1am
rmlf filenameRemove LF from file, for editing. See clean.20am
robot cprog1 cprog2Write a robot in C, play against another.16cm
roff [+00 ] [-00] [-s] [-h] [ files ]Text file formatter and printer.U1am
runoff [+n] [-n] [-p] [-s]Expanded text file formatter.10cmills
rvucReview C source code.24am
saString art, converted from MGR.24am
sampleSound sampler, no hardware, based on Gerhard’s.24am
sb [-7dfkquv] [-sA] [-sB] filename ...Obsolete ymodem send file.6cm
sc [ -c ] [ -m ] [ -n ] [ -r ] [ -x ] [ file ]Spreadsheet calculator, full maths and macros.15am
scanList keyboard scan codes.9am
sccCalculate Zilog 8530 SCC code constants.U1am
sccCalculate Zilog 8530 SCC code constants.24am
sdateSet date and time easily, pop up window.6amc
sdate [ -h]Set date and time easily.15mgrd
sea -Sealink arc utility.23amc
sega.mrdChange video to EGA 640 by 400 mode.6cw
selbeepSelect a beep sound, require newbeep.mrd.24am
setload filename addressChange executable address of file.U1am
setstep drive stepcodeSet the disk drive step rate, for alien disks.7gs
setvol name [device]Change volume name of diskette.15mj
shareware.datList of all disk files to SW#20, for use with lib20gb
size filename[.xrel] ...Size of text, data, bss, stack for files.18am
solitareJump the peg board game.5mj
sort [ -funbirdcmt‘x’ ] [+pos [m.n] [-pos ]] [-o outfile ] [files]Sort a file, alpha, reverse, by position, field, etc.U1am
sound-11 soundfilePlay an 11 kHz digitised sound file.3mg
sound-22 soundfilePlay a 22 kHz sound file.3mg
sound11 soundfilePlay an 11 kHz sound file.1am
sound22 soundfilePlay a 22 kHz sound file.1am
soundsloman soundfileCustomised version, play a sound file.17ms
space-potatoes.basThey chase you game.4df
speakfile soundfileEasy version, play a sound file.1am
split [ -n ] [ file [ name ] ]Split an overlarge file into pieces.U1am
ssbasicBASIC for 1616, commercial, $69.00
ssdcerr errornoDisk error displayed in text, for alien disks.7gs
ssegPart of EGA 640 by 400 graphics package.12cw
ssforthFloating point Forth, by Peter Fletcher, commercial with source, $89.00
sstoolsFile and directory manager, like commercial Xtree. Great.19cmills
starLogical board game.5mj
stat -bFile/dir info, block load, stat bits, blockmap, etc.18am
sterm sa:|sb:Extended terminal program, drop DTR, break, load, rot13.20jf
strings [-minsize] [files]Find ASCII text strings in files.U1am
sum fileChecksum a file.u1am
syllogyLogic game, demonstrates ai.5mj
syllowordLogic game, early version of syllogy.5mj
sync driveFlush read and write caches for alien disks.7gs
tail [ -number] [ file ]List last n lines of files.U1am
tee [ -i ] [ -a ] [ file ] ...Pipe fitting, output to display and device.U1am
tflight simulator outline in assembler.18gb
tc-017 flight simulator outline, also in assembler.18gb
term chardevBetter terminal program.18am
term chardevCan capture incoming to disk. No xrel.24am
terminal port [ver] [half] [inLF] [outLF] [print] [echo] [[-]logfile]Elaborate
termiteEats your display, special effect.8amc
testTest an MRD before installing.5mj
testmrdTest MRD (TSR) prior to installing.5mj
teststr14 passwordPassword protection and screen blank.16on
tictactoeTraditional noughts and crosses game (never loses).8am
tiff descriptionDescription of suggested music file format.10ls
tinybasicTiny BASIC, extensions, plus examples, manual.19dw & mgrd
toupperFilter to upper case.15mgrd
trace Single step a program.3mgreg
trace addressSingle step a program.Uam
tree [ -q] [/vol]List all directories and files.3mg
tree [ -q] [device name] List all directories and files.3mg
tstintTest whether program is interactive or background.Uam
tune3 musicfilePlay 3 voice music files.Uam
music files, various9cmills
uidDisplay user ID number.Uam
uid nChange user ID number.Uam
uid n filesChanges user ID on list of files.Uam
uid n -Changes user ID on files listed in standard input.Uam
umask -alrwx [-] [-v] [file] [file] ...Set user file permissions mask.Uam
unzipFile compression program.20jf
vconVideo context switcher, multiple virtual consoles.Uam
vconpVideo context switched, three windows on one display.Uam
undelete [files ... ]Recover recently erased files.U1am
uniq [ -udc [ +n ] [ -n ]][ input [ output ] ]Eliminate multiple identical lines in file.U1am
viUNIX visual editor, from Minix.9cm
videoNeeds to be installed as an MRD on boot, provides EGA.6cw
video.egaPart of Conal’s ega mrd drivers.18cw
vtrekStar Trek adventure game, character graphics only.1mh
wandererGraphics adventure game, treasure quest.8am
warshipDepth bomb the submarine game.3ad
warship2Revised depth bomb the submarine game.16am
wave soundfileDisplay soundfile on video and play.6ms
wc [ -lwc] [ files ]Count lines, words and characters in file.U1am
whereis file[.xrel]Find executable program on disk.18am
wh file Faster find executable program on disk.20jf
whir.mrdMRD to toggle speaker on each syscall. Cute.23amc
windowDemonstration of window code.3cm
wisdom wisdom.txt wisdom.idxCute quotes for all purposes.16am
wisdom oracle.txt oracle.idxDifferent cute quotes.20jf
xreltoexec [loadaddr] xrelfileLoads xrel file as exec file.18am
xreltoexec [loadaddr] xrelfileLoads xrel file as exec file update.24am
ya.shellComplicated yahtzee dice game.6am
ymodem sa: [sb:]Ymodem file transfer routines.8cm
yowesponds with inspirational mesage from file.19dw
Z80ascZ80 memory map dump for disk controller.6sy
Z80hexZ80 memory map dump for disk controller.6sy
zdTransfer files between CP/M and Applix.11jm
zmdb a1 a2 n1 zmfb a1 a2 n1 zmwb a1 n1 [n2 ...]Read, fill and write to disk controller Z80 memory (much the same as 1616’s 68000 monitor).11jm
zmodem File transfer protocol, xrels are _rz and _sz.25cm
zoo -{acDeglLPTuUvx}[aAcCdEfInmMNoOpPqu1:/.@n] archivefileZoo archive utility, no source yet.
Zoo h for help.
23amc
zrdosCP/M system using ZCPR, commercial item $150.00.Conal Walsh
ztoa filenameTransfer files from CP/M to Applix.11jm

The location and authors of all software is shown above in the italic text at the end of each program.

A number indicates the shareware disk with that number. A capital U is a User Disk, usually the one with 1616/OS V4. A H indicates a Hard Drive User Disk, which contains additional programs mostly by Mark Harvey. A U1 indicates a disk from the $30 Utility Disk set.

Andrew Driver (ad), Andrew Morton (am), Andrew McNamara (amc), Craig Dewick (cd), Cameron Hutchison (ch), Colin McCormack (cm), Craig Mills (cmills), Conal Walsh (cw), Dale Barnes (db), Dave Fowler (df), Dave Wilson (dw), Gerhard Baumann (gb), Greyham Stoney (gs), Jeremy Fitzhardinge (jf), Joe Moschini (jm), Kathy Morton (km), Lindsay Scales (ls), Lindsay Washusen (lw), Matthew Geier (mg), Matthew Gardener (mgrd), Mark Harvey (mh), Michael Johnson (mj), Michael Sloman(ms), Norm Clark (nc), Ole Nielson (on), Peter Ashby (pa), PaulCahill (pc), Stephen Nicholson (sn), Sid Young (sy).


10. Edit quick reference

Cursor movement

^E  Up one line			^X  Down one line
^QE Up to top of page		^QX Down to bottom of page
^R  Up one page			^C  Down one page
^QR To start of file		^QC To end of file
^S  Left one character		^D  Right one character
^A  Left one word		^F  Right one word
^QS Left 80 characters		^QD Right 80 characters
^B  Start/end of line		^J  Start of next line

Scrolling

^Z  Scroll up			^W  Scroll down

Text deleting

^H,BS Delete char backward	^G, DEL Delete char forward
^Y  Delete line			^T  Delete word forward
^V  Delete line backwards	^QY Delete line forward

Block commands

^KB Mark block start		^QB Go to block start
^KK Mark block end		^QK Go to block end
^KY Delete marked block		^KV Move marked block to cursor
^KH Hide block			^KC Copy marked block to cursor
^KW Write block to file		^KP Put block in undo buffer

File commands

^KR Read in (merge) a file	^KD Write out file, continue editing
^KX Write out file, quit

Miscellaneous

^KQ Exit without saving file	^KI Escape to 1616/OS
^KE Execute 1616/OS command	^QG Go to line number
^K0 Set block markers 0 to 9	^KF Partial screen freeze
^Q0 Go to a block marker	^QF Find pattern
^QA Substitute pattern		^L  Repeat last pattern find
^N  Repeat last substitution	^Un Undo buffer n
Esc Redraw screen

Index

^P escape characters, 3
aliasing pathnames, 7
alphabetical dir sort, 10
alt, 2
alt-S disable, 11
alter memory, 8
archive on tape, 8
ASCII, 2, 8, 12
assembling 68000 code, 12
assigning pathnames, 7
attributes, 6
backed-up files, 6
base, 11
base conversion, 11
beep, disable on error, 11
block device, 7
bus error, warm start, 11
calls, system, 10
cassette commands, 8
cassette motor, 2
cat, 6
cd, 7
cent:, 4
change directory, 7
change disk name, 7
character device, 4
cio, 9
close files option, 11
communications, 12
compare memory, 9
con:, 4
control, 2
convert numbers to base, 11
copy, 6
copy file, 6
create directory, 7
date, 10
date, dir sort by, 10
date, display, 10
date, setting, 10
define function keys, 12
delete, 6
delete file, 6
delete text, 3
device, 4
dir, 7
directory commands, 7
directory in prompt, 10
directory list, 7
dirs, 7
disable alt-S, 11
disable alt keys, 11
disable beep on error, 11
disable reset, 11
disk error messages, 11
display file, 6
display memory, 8
display time and date, 10
downloading S-records, 12
dump memory, 8
echo, 9
edit, 11
end of file character, 11
error messages, disk, 11
escape characters, 3
evaluate expression, 12
examine memory, 8
exception, warm start, 11
execution path, 7
exit, 11
expr, 12
file attributes, 6
file commands, 6
filemode, 6
fill memory, 9
fkey, 12
function keys, 2
function keys. define, 12
go, 10
history, 2
internal settings, 10
itload, 8
join file, 6
last line recall, 2
load memory, 9
load tape file, 8
locked files, 6
machine code, 10
make directory, 7
manipulate memory, 8
mcmp, 9
mdb, 8
memory allocation errors, 11
memory manipulation, 8
mfb, 9
mkdir, 7
mload, 9
mmove, 9
monitor commands, 8
Motorola S-Records, 12
move, 6
move file, 6
move in memory, 9
mrdb, 8
msave, 9
msearch, 9
mwaz, 8
mwb, 8
new directory, 7
null:, 4
number base conversion, 11
option, 10
pathname alias, 7
pause, 10
pausing, 10
printer, 4
prompt. directory shown, 10
quit, 11
recall last line, 2
redirection, 9
refresh date, 6
register contents option, 11
register dump, 10
rename, 6
rename file, 6
reset, 2
reset. disable option, 11
RS232 port, 4
RS232C, 12
RS232C terminal, 12
s-records, 12
sa:, 4
save on tape, 8
sb:, 4
scroll, 3
search memory, 9
search path, 5, 7
serial, 12
serial port, 4
serial ports, 12
serial terminal, 12
set time and date, 10
setdate, 10
shell file commands, 9
sort dir alphabetically, 10
sort dir by date, 10
speed, time a command, 12
srec, 12
SSASM in Eprom, 12
stack backtrace, 10
start editor, 11
stop disable, 11
stop output, 2
stop program, 2
stopping, 10
substituting pathnames, 7
switches, 5
syscall, 10
system blocks option, 11
system calls, 10
tape commands, 8
tarchive, 8
terma, 12
termb, 12
terminal, 12
termination character, 11
throw away output, 4
time, 12
time, display, 10
time, setting, 10
time a command, 12
tload, 8
touch, 6
trace option, 11
tsave, 8
tverify, 8
type, 6
undo, 3
verbose mode, 10
verify tape, 8
volumes, 7
warm start on exception, 11
wildcards, 4
write to memory, 8
xpath command, 5